Temperature sensors

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A Self-Calibrated NPN-Based Temperature Sensor With ±0.05 °C (3σ) Inaccuracy From −70 °C to 125 °C and 100fJ ${\\cdot}$ K2 Resolution FoM

A Self-Calibrated NPN-Based Temperature Sensor With ±0.05 °C (3σ) Inaccuracy From −70 °C to 125 °C and 100fJ ${\\cdot}$ K2 Resolution FoM 150 150
Author(s): Nandor G. Toth, Kofi A. A. Makinwa

Abstract:

This article presents a CMOS temperature sensor that achieves both state-of-the-art energy efficiency and accuracy. An NPN-based front-end generates both PTAT and CTAT currents, whose ratio is then digitized by a continuous-time (CT) $\Delta \Sigma $ modulator, which realizes a noise-optimized current-balancing scheme that maximizes the sensor’s resolution. To correct …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 12
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2026.3721315
Publisher: IEEE

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A 16 MHz RC Frequency Reference With ±450 ppm Inaccuracy From –45 °C to 85 °C After Accelerated Aging

A 16 MHz RC Frequency Reference With ±450 ppm Inaccuracy From –45 °C to 85 °C After Accelerated Aging 150 150
Author(s): Karimeldeen Mohamed, Nandor G. Toth, Hui Jiang, Çağrı Gürleyük, Kofi A. A. Makinwa

Abstract:

This article presents a high-accuracy, low-drift 16MHz RC frequency reference implemented in a standard 180 nm CMOS process. It consists of a frequency-locked loop (FLL), which locks the output frequency of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) to the time constant of a Wien Bridge (WB) filter. A PNP-based temperature sensor (TS) …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 9
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2026.3673972
Publisher: IEEE

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A 56-Gb/s Hybrid Silicon Photonic and 5-nm CMOS 3-D-Integrated Transceiver for Optical Compute I/O

A 56-Gb/s Hybrid Silicon Photonic and 5-nm CMOS 3-D-Integrated Transceiver for Optical Compute I/O 150 150
Author(s): Ganesh Balamurugan, Parmanand Mishra, Subal Sahni, Ankur Aggarwal, Simon Forey, Andrew Gimlett, Prateek Goyal, Han Hao, Santosh Hariwan, Masum Hossain, Sejun Jeon, Narayan Kaniyur, David Lazovsky, Wonho Lee, Bengt Littmann, Raj Nagulapalli, Kevin Park, John Rollinson, Matteo Staffaroni, Prakash Thakur, Saurabh Vats, Preet Virk, Dehua Xiao, Hemesh Yasotharan, Raman Yazdani, Waleed Younis, Shifeng Yu, Phil Winterbottom

Abstract:

This work presents a hybrid 3-D-integrated silicon photonic (SiPh) transceiver suitable for realizing chiplet-based optical I/O in future AI/ML ASIC packages. The optical transceiver die stack is composed of two ICs: a SiPh IC (PIC) with micrometer-scale, thermally robust electro-absorption modulators (EAMs), and a 5-nm CMOS electronic IC (…

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 11
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2026.3655295
Publisher: IEEE

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A Sub-Threshold Oscillator-Based High-Accuracy Temperature Sensor With Tolerance to Supply Fluctuation and Device Aging

A Sub-Threshold Oscillator-Based High-Accuracy Temperature Sensor With Tolerance to Supply Fluctuation and Device Aging 150 150
Author(s): Wei Wang, Yumin Su, Shayok Dutta, Liwen Jiang, Zhiyu Chen, Zhanghao Yu, Caleb Kemere, Kaiyuan Yang

Abstract:

Accurate, low-power, and compact temperature sensors are demanded in a wide range of biomedical, environmental, and industrial sensing applications. This article presents an accurate and precise CMOS temperature sensor based on a sub-threshold ring oscillator (RO) in 180 nm. The sensing core employs a five-stage super cut-off contention-free (SCCF) delay cell …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 11
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2025.3644747
Publisher: IEEE

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A Cryo-CMOS Smart Temperature Sensor for the Ultrawide Temperature Range From 5 K to 296 K

A Cryo-CMOS Smart Temperature Sensor for the Ultrawide Temperature Range From 5 K to 296 K 150 150
Author(s): D. Cerviño Fungueiriño, L. A. Enthoven, J. van Staveren, M. Babaie, F. Sebastiano

Abstract:

This work presents a cryo-CMOS smart temperature sensor operating from room temperature down to 5 K. By adopting sensing elements (CMOS bulk diodes, pMOS/DTMOS in weak inversion) that circumvent the poor cryogenic performance of Si BJTs, a robust switched-capacitor second-order sigma–delta readout and cryogenic-aware design techniques, the sensor achieves …

Published in: IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters
Page(s): 29 – 32
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 2573-9603
DOI: 10.1109/LSSC.2025.3650657
Publisher: IEEE

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Actiniaria: Distributed Dynamic-IR-Drop-Aware Timing Monitor for AVFS With Lightweight Tentacles

Actiniaria: Distributed Dynamic-IR-Drop-Aware Timing Monitor for AVFS With Lightweight Tentacles 150 150
Author(s): Junyi Qian, Lishuo Deng, Cai Li, Yizhi Ding, Weiwei Shan

Abstract:

Advances in integrated circuit (IC) technology have amplified the effects of process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations, particularly dynamic IR drop, which severely affects timing. Post-silicon IR drop monitoring circuits are lacking, forcing designers to reserve substantial static guard bands for worst-case scenarios, compromising energy efficiency. Inspired by biomimetics, this …

Published in: IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters
Page(s): 25 – 28
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 2573-9603
DOI: 10.1109/LSSC.2025.3645701
Publisher: IEEE

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Advancing On-Cell Near-Field Monitoring for Thermal Runaway Detection in EV Batteries

Advancing On-Cell Near-Field Monitoring for Thermal Runaway Detection in EV Batteries 150 150
Author(s): Simon Foster, Scott Block, Daniel McMitchell, Edgar Colin-Beltran, Robert Dailey

Abstract:

A cell monitoring system for performance and safety enhancement is presented. It is the first commercially available single-chip-on-cell near-field contactless solution for automotive battery management, simplifying pack interconnect and reducing points of failure. This letter is a companion paper to the earlier ISSCC paper. It provides further details on the …

Published in: IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters
Page(s): 369 – 372
Year of Publication: 2025
Electronic ISSN: 2573-9603
DOI: 10.1109/LSSC.2025.3634340
Publisher: IEEE

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A Compact, Highly-Digital Sensor-Fusion-Based Joint V dd-Temperature Sensor for SoC Thermal Management

A Compact, Highly-Digital Sensor-Fusion-Based Joint V dd-Temperature Sensor for SoC Thermal Management 150 150
Author(s): Hikmet Seha Öztürk, Julian Arenas, Carlos Tokunaga, Nasser Kurd, Visvesh S. Sathe

Abstract:

This article presents a fine-grained thermal sensing network for thermal management in SoCs. Sensor nodes in this network are made up of joint supply voltage ( $V_{\mathrm {dd}}$ ) and temperature ( $T$ ) sensors, which are compact and highly digital. Measurements from these simple but imperfect sensors are jointly processed to extract …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 12
Year of Publication: 2025
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2025.3621280
Publisher: IEEE

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A 0.4-V 32-kHz Pulse-Injection Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator With Sub-Cycle CL Modulation and DLL-Reused Temperature Sensor

A 0.4-V 32-kHz Pulse-Injection Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator With Sub-Cycle CL Modulation and DLL-Reused Temperature Sensor 150 150
Author(s): Haihua Li, Pui-In Mak, Rui P. Martins, Ka-Meng Lei

Abstract:

This article presents a 0.4-V 32 kHz pulse-injection (PI) temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) that incorporates subcycle capacitive load ( $C_{\text {L}}$ ) modulation for frequency compensation. The proposed TCXO compensates for the crystal’s frequency deviation ( $\Delta f$ ) by dynamically adjusting the enabling duration of the additional $C_{\text {L}}$ within each …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 13
Year of Publication: 2025
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2025.3620824
Publisher: IEEE

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