frequency-locked-loop (FLL)

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A 16-MHz CMOS RC Frequency Reference Achieving Accuracies of ±125 ppm From −40 °C to 85 °C and −560/+580 ppm After Accelerated Aging

A 16-MHz CMOS RC Frequency Reference Achieving Accuracies of ±125 ppm From −40 °C to 85 °C and −560/+580 ppm After Accelerated Aging 150 150
Author(s): Runtao Huo, Weihao Jie, Yiwen Zhang, Honglan Jiang, Hui Wang

Abstract:

This article presents a low-power, high-accuracy CMOS RC frequency reference featuring a capacitively modulated RC time constant (CMT) generation and a die-to-die error removal (DDER) technique for precise frequency generation with a low-calibration cost. Unlike resistive trimming, the temperature dependence of the on-chip resistor is compensated by a $\Delta \Sigma $ …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 12
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2026.3684094
Publisher: IEEE

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A 16 MHz RC Frequency Reference With ±450 ppm Inaccuracy From –45 °C to 85 °C After Accelerated Aging

A 16 MHz RC Frequency Reference With ±450 ppm Inaccuracy From –45 °C to 85 °C After Accelerated Aging 150 150
Author(s): Karimeldeen Mohamed, Nandor G. Toth, Hui Jiang, Çağrı Gürleyük, Kofi A. A. Makinwa

Abstract:

This article presents a high-accuracy, low-drift 16MHz RC frequency reference implemented in a standard 180 nm CMOS process. It consists of a frequency-locked loop (FLL), which locks the output frequency of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) to the time constant of a Wien Bridge (WB) filter. A PNP-based temperature sensor (TS) …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 9
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2026.3673972
Publisher: IEEE

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An Aging-Robust 32-MHz RC Frequency Reference With 0.4-ppm Allan Deviation and ±1550-ppm Inaccuracy From −40 °C to 125 °C After a 1-Point Trim

An Aging-Robust 32-MHz RC Frequency Reference With 0.4-ppm Allan Deviation and ±1550-ppm Inaccuracy From −40 °C to 125 °C After a 1-Point Trim 150 150
Author(s): Sining Pan, Xiaohan Liu, Junlong Zeng, Yihang Cheng, Kofi. A. A. Makinwa, Huaqiang Wu

Abstract:

This letter presents an aging-robust 32-MHz RC frequency reference based on a frequency-locked-loop (FLL). With a temperature compensation scheme that combines BJTs and aging-robust diffusion resistors, the FLL achieves ±1550-ppm inaccuracy from $-40~^{\circ }$ C to $125~^{\circ }$ C after batch calibration and a low-cost 1-point trim, which increases to ±2350-ppm …

Published in: IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters
Page(s): 81 – 84
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 2573-9603
DOI: 10.1109/LSSC.2026.3664504
Publisher: IEEE

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