Single-photon avalanche diodes

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A 96 × 64 SPAD LiDAR Sensor With 6× Imaging FoM Promotion by AI-Assisted Fusion of 2-D and Edge-Guided Sparse 3-D Detection

A 96 × 64 SPAD LiDAR Sensor With 6× Imaging FoM Promotion by AI-Assisted Fusion of 2-D and Edge-Guided Sparse 3-D Detection 150 150
Author(s): Bu Chen, Qi Zheng, Zikun Cai, Hankun Lv, Jingyi Wang, Jun Han, Zhangcheng Huang, Jianlu Wang, Qi Liu, Ming Liu

Abstract:

Flash-mode direct time-of-flight (dToF) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is widely adopted in autonomous systems and robotics due to its capability for accurate depth measurement and robustness under challenging lighting conditions. However, scaling single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based dToF pixel arrays toward higher resolution 3-D imaging introduces significant challenges in …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 15
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2026.3714508
Publisher: IEEE

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QVGA CMOS LiDAR Sensor With nMOS-Only SPAD Analog Front-End and Area-Efficient Priority Histogramming TDC

QVGA CMOS LiDAR Sensor With nMOS-Only SPAD Analog Front-End and Area-Efficient Priority Histogramming TDC 150 150
Author(s): Minkyung Kim, Hyeongseok Seo, Songhyeon Kim, Jung-Hoon Chun, Seong-Jin Kim, Jaehyuk Choi

Abstract:

This article presents a high-resolution (HR) CMOS light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor capable of generating quarter video graphics array (QVGA) ( $320~{\times }~240$ ) depth images. To support high pixel density, the sensor employs a compact 6-transistor (6-T) nMOS-only single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) analog front-end (AFE) with a column-shared active recharge circuit. …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 15
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2026.3687569
Publisher: IEEE

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A 65-nm CMOS Machine-Learning-Enhanced Bandwidth-Efficient LiDAR

A 65-nm CMOS Machine-Learning-Enhanced Bandwidth-Efficient LiDAR 150 150
Author(s): Pooya Poolad, Foad Arvani, Bahaa Radi, Ping-Hsuan Hsieh, Tony Chan Carusone

Abstract:

We present a proof-of-concept light detection and ranging (LiDAR) signal processing architecture that integrates a machine-learning-enhanced processing unit (PU) with on-chip time-to-digital converters (TDCs) to reduce bandwidth and memory requirements in SPAD-based direct time-of-flight (dToF) systems. The proposed architecture fits a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to photon arrival time distributions …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 11
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2026.3652972
Publisher: IEEE

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A 16 V-Output Switched-Capacitor Sigma Converter With 180 ns Transient Response and 94% Efficiency for LiDAR Receivers

A 16 V-Output Switched-Capacitor Sigma Converter With 180 ns Transient Response and 94% Efficiency for LiDAR Receivers 150 150
Author(s): Chen Hu, Xinran Huang, Xun Liu, Sijun Du, Xiaosen Liu, Junmin Jiang

Abstract:

This article presents a step-up switched-capacitor (SC) sigma converter with fast transient, high efficiency, and high accuracy for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) receiver applications. The proposed sigma converter combines an unregulated SC converter in the high-voltage (HV) domain and a low-dropout (LDO) regulator in the low-voltage (LV) domain, achieving …

Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Page(s): 1 – 12
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 1558-173X
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2025.3645413
Publisher: IEEE

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A 1×32 TDC Array With 0.056% Pixel-to-Pixel Variation Using a Global Timer Architecture for LiDAR Applications

A 1×32 TDC Array With 0.056% Pixel-to-Pixel Variation Using a Global Timer Architecture for LiDAR Applications 150 150
Author(s): Hsi-Hao Huang, Zong-Rui Cao, Ying-Ying Cheng, Jia-Yu Lin, Chen-Yi Lee

Abstract:

This letter presents a low pixel-to-pixel variation (PPV) time-to-digital converter (TDC) array designed for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) applications. The TDC array is implemented in a 0.18- $\mu $ m HV CMOS process, integrated with a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array. SPAD-based LiDAR systems require high-precision timing resolution across the …

Published in: IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters
Page(s): 41 – 44
Year of Publication: 2026
Electronic ISSN: 2573-9603
DOI: 10.1109/LSSC.2026.3652323
Publisher: IEEE

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